Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by a complete or partial deficiency of the hormone insulin produced by the pancreas. This causes the blood sugar level to rise and as a result damages the organ systems, especially the blood vessels and nervous system. There are 2 main forms of diabetes: 1. Diabetes mellitus type 1-autoimmune disease, in which the pancreas does not produce insulin as a result of exposure to the immune system or produces very small amounts of it, which is not enough for glucose metabolism. Type 1 diabetes mainly affects children, adults with normal weight can be congenital. 2. Diabetes mellitus is a type 2 metabolic disease caused by a partial deficiency of insulin and inadequate response of fat, muscle, and liver cells to insulin, resulting in no transfusion of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells and raising blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes mainly affects people over the age of 40 who are overweight or obese, with a busy family history (a blood relative who has or has had diabetes). 3. Gestational or gestational diabetes, which is manifested only during pregnancy (the woman did not have an increase in blood sugar levels before pregnancy). Glucose levels in the blood return to normal levels after delivery, but gestational diabetes is a serious risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus after years. Blood sugar levels: 1. Norm: fasting <100 mg / dl (<5.6 mmol / l), 2 hours after eating <140 mg / dl (<7.8 mmol / l 2. Prediabetes: fasting –100–125 mg / dL (5.6–6.9 mmol / L), within 2 hours after eating – 140–199 mg / dL (7.8–11.0 mmol / L) 3. Diabetes mellitus: fasting> 126 mg / dl (> 7.0 mmol / L),> 200 mg / dL 2 hours after eating (> 11.0 mmol / L) The main risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus: 1. Age over 40 years 2. Body mass index (weight / height 2) 25-30 kg / m2 (excess weight), more than 30 kg / m2 - obesity 3. Family history of diabetes mellitus 4. History of impaired glucose tolerance 5. Arterial hypertension (> 140 mm Hg) 6. Dyslipidemia - total cholesterol in the blood, increased levels of low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides. 7. History of gestational diabetes or fetuses weighing more than 4 kg 8. Polycystic ovaries Complications of diabetes:
Chronic complications: 1. Retinopathy (vascular damage to the fundus of the eye) that can lead to impaired vision and blindness. 2. Nephropathy (kidney damage), which can lead to kidney failure. 3. Neuropathy (damage to the nervous system). High blood sugar, damages the peripheral nervous system, causes pain, hypersensitivity, numbness. 4. Diabetic ankle - a complex condition in which the risk of trauma and infection of the soft tissues of the ankle increases as a result of diabetic neuropathy, micro and macroangiopathy, which can lead to gangrene and subsequent amputation if allowed and complicated. These complications can be prevented by constant monitoring and regulation of blood sugar levels.
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